Cardiovascular Risk Factors among First Year Medical Students
Keywords:
cardiovascular disease, medical student, prevalence, risk factor, risk assessment
Abstract
Introduction: Detection of cardiovascular risk in young age is important to motivate them to modify life styles and seek health care early to lower the chances of acquiring cardiovascular disease in later age. This study was done to assess cardiovascular risk factors among first year medical students.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted throughout September and October 2017 in which all first year medical students from a medical college were assessed for the presence of cardiovascular risk factors. Participants’ demography, family history of illness, anthropometric measurements, and blood reports of lipid profile and fasting glucose were acquired. Data were analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS-21).
Result: There were 99 participants; 55 males and 44 females. One or more risk factors were present in 87 (87.9%) participants. Moreover, 67.7% (n = 67) participants had more than one risk factors. Low HDL-cholesterol was the most common (n = 55, 55.6%) risk factor followed by elevated triacylglycerol (n = 47, 47.5%) and family history of hypertension (n = 45, 45.5%). There was no significant difference in presence of various risk factors between genders.
Conclusion: There was higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among first year medical students. Majority of them had more than one risk factors. Low HDL-cholesterol was the most common risk factor. The risk factors were comparable in males and females.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
1. World Health Organization. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) - factsheet. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. Available at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs317/en/
2. O’Halloran L, Slattery M. Assessing the knowledge of cardiovascular disease among young people in South Dublin. Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine. 2017; 1(4):187-194. http://www.cardiolcardiovascmed.com/articles/assessing-the-knowledge-of-cardiovascular-disease-among-young-people-in-south-dublin.html
3. Shakya S, Sharma D, Bhatta YD. Current Scenario of Heart Diseases in Nepal: At a glance. Nepalese Heart Journal. 2013; 8(1):23–26. DOI: 10.3126/njh.v8i1.8333
4. Bhandari GP, Angdembe MR, Dhimal M, Neupane S, Bhusal C. State of non-communicable diseases in Nepal. BMC Public Health. 2014; 14:23. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-23 PMID: 24405646
5. Goff DC, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, Coady S, D’Agostino RB, Gibbons R, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014; 129(25 suppl 2):S49-73. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000437741.48606.98 PMID: 24222018
6. WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet. 2004; 363(9403):157-163. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15268-3 PMID: 14726171
7. Yeasmin R, Nahar N, Begum K, Parveen S, Akhter F, Aziz M, et al. Lipid Profile, Glycaemic and Anthropometric Status of Students of a Private Medical College in Dhaka City. Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal. 2014; 5(1):23-28. DOI: 10.3329/akmmcj.v5i1.18837
8. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002; 106(25):3143-3421. PMID: 12485966
9. Arts J, Fernandez ML, Lofgren IE. Coronary heart disease risk factors in college students. Adv Nutr. 2014; 5(2):177-187. DOI: 10.3945/an.113.005447 PMID: 24618758
10. Kuklina EV, Yoon PW, Keenan NL. Prevalence of coronary heart disease risk factors and screening for high cholesterol levels among young adults, United States, 1999-2006. Ann Fam Med. 2010; 8(4):327-333. DOI: 10.1370/afm.1137 PMID: 20644187
11. Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Newman WP, Tracy RE, Wattigney WA. Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study. N Engl J Med. 1998; 338(23):1650-1656. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199806043382302 PMID: 9614255
12. Dunkley AJ, Taub NA, Davies MJ, Stone MA, Khunti K. Is having a family history of type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease a predictive factor for metabolic syndrome? Prim Care Diabetes. 2009; 3(1):49-56. DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2009.02.002 PMID: 19268647
13. Huxley R, Mendis S, Zheleznyakov E, Reddy S, Chan J. Body mass index, waist circumference and waist:hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular risk - a review of the literature. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010; 64(1):16-22. DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2009.68 PMID: 19654593
14. Lam BCC, Koh GCH, Chen C, Wong MTK, Fallows SJ. Comparison of Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Adiposity Index (BAI), Waist Circumference (WC), Waist-To-Hip Ratio (WHR) and Waist-To-Height Ratio (WHtR) as predictors of cardiovascular disease risk factors in an adult population in Singapore. PLoS ONE. 2015; 10(4):e0122985. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122985 PMID: 25880905
15. Nizar A, Mjeed K, Yen Ru, Vincent H, Qi C, Ying W, et al. Association of Dietary Habits and Body Mass Index among University Students in Malaysia: A cross-sectional study. IOSR-Journals. 2015; 4:78-85. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301546130_Association_of_Dietary_Habits_and_Body_Mass_Index_among_University_Students_in_Malaysia_A_Cross-Sectional_Study
16. Johnson OE, Adedoyin RA, Awotidebe TO, Mbada CE, Otolorin OA, Owoseni I. Cardiovascular risk among undergraduates in a Nigerian University. International Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology. 2013; 2(5):85-89 http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/download.php?id=411398321187863447.pdf&type=application/pdf&op=1
17. Tran D-MT, Zimmerman LM. Cardiovascular risk factors in young adults: a literature review. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2015; 30(4):298-310. DOI: 10.1097/JCN.0000000000000150 PMID: 24743652
18. Manita P, Anup G, Paras P, Rishi B, Ramesh P. Behavioral and Metabolic Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease among the School Adolescents of Nepal. Juniper Online Journal of Public Health. 2017; 1(3): 555565. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316103899_Behavioral_and_Metabolic_Risk_Factors_for_Cardiovascular_Disease_among_the_School_Adolescents_of_Nepal
19. Liang W, Wang L, Guo D, Nie Z, Chen Y, Jin Y, et al. Blood lipid profile and glucose of university students (China). Nutr Hosp. 2015; 31(5):2182-2186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3305/nh.2015.31.5.8600 PMID: 25929391
2. O’Halloran L, Slattery M. Assessing the knowledge of cardiovascular disease among young people in South Dublin. Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine. 2017; 1(4):187-194. http://www.cardiolcardiovascmed.com/articles/assessing-the-knowledge-of-cardiovascular-disease-among-young-people-in-south-dublin.html
3. Shakya S, Sharma D, Bhatta YD. Current Scenario of Heart Diseases in Nepal: At a glance. Nepalese Heart Journal. 2013; 8(1):23–26. DOI: 10.3126/njh.v8i1.8333
4. Bhandari GP, Angdembe MR, Dhimal M, Neupane S, Bhusal C. State of non-communicable diseases in Nepal. BMC Public Health. 2014; 14:23. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-23 PMID: 24405646
5. Goff DC, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, Coady S, D’Agostino RB, Gibbons R, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014; 129(25 suppl 2):S49-73. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000437741.48606.98 PMID: 24222018
6. WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet. 2004; 363(9403):157-163. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15268-3 PMID: 14726171
7. Yeasmin R, Nahar N, Begum K, Parveen S, Akhter F, Aziz M, et al. Lipid Profile, Glycaemic and Anthropometric Status of Students of a Private Medical College in Dhaka City. Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal. 2014; 5(1):23-28. DOI: 10.3329/akmmcj.v5i1.18837
8. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002; 106(25):3143-3421. PMID: 12485966
9. Arts J, Fernandez ML, Lofgren IE. Coronary heart disease risk factors in college students. Adv Nutr. 2014; 5(2):177-187. DOI: 10.3945/an.113.005447 PMID: 24618758
10. Kuklina EV, Yoon PW, Keenan NL. Prevalence of coronary heart disease risk factors and screening for high cholesterol levels among young adults, United States, 1999-2006. Ann Fam Med. 2010; 8(4):327-333. DOI: 10.1370/afm.1137 PMID: 20644187
11. Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Newman WP, Tracy RE, Wattigney WA. Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study. N Engl J Med. 1998; 338(23):1650-1656. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199806043382302 PMID: 9614255
12. Dunkley AJ, Taub NA, Davies MJ, Stone MA, Khunti K. Is having a family history of type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease a predictive factor for metabolic syndrome? Prim Care Diabetes. 2009; 3(1):49-56. DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2009.02.002 PMID: 19268647
13. Huxley R, Mendis S, Zheleznyakov E, Reddy S, Chan J. Body mass index, waist circumference and waist:hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular risk - a review of the literature. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010; 64(1):16-22. DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2009.68 PMID: 19654593
14. Lam BCC, Koh GCH, Chen C, Wong MTK, Fallows SJ. Comparison of Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Adiposity Index (BAI), Waist Circumference (WC), Waist-To-Hip Ratio (WHR) and Waist-To-Height Ratio (WHtR) as predictors of cardiovascular disease risk factors in an adult population in Singapore. PLoS ONE. 2015; 10(4):e0122985. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122985 PMID: 25880905
15. Nizar A, Mjeed K, Yen Ru, Vincent H, Qi C, Ying W, et al. Association of Dietary Habits and Body Mass Index among University Students in Malaysia: A cross-sectional study. IOSR-Journals. 2015; 4:78-85. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301546130_Association_of_Dietary_Habits_and_Body_Mass_Index_among_University_Students_in_Malaysia_A_Cross-Sectional_Study
16. Johnson OE, Adedoyin RA, Awotidebe TO, Mbada CE, Otolorin OA, Owoseni I. Cardiovascular risk among undergraduates in a Nigerian University. International Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology. 2013; 2(5):85-89 http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/download.php?id=411398321187863447.pdf&type=application/pdf&op=1
17. Tran D-MT, Zimmerman LM. Cardiovascular risk factors in young adults: a literature review. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2015; 30(4):298-310. DOI: 10.1097/JCN.0000000000000150 PMID: 24743652
18. Manita P, Anup G, Paras P, Rishi B, Ramesh P. Behavioral and Metabolic Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease among the School Adolescents of Nepal. Juniper Online Journal of Public Health. 2017; 1(3): 555565. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316103899_Behavioral_and_Metabolic_Risk_Factors_for_Cardiovascular_Disease_among_the_School_Adolescents_of_Nepal
19. Liang W, Wang L, Guo D, Nie Z, Chen Y, Jin Y, et al. Blood lipid profile and glucose of university students (China). Nutr Hosp. 2015; 31(5):2182-2186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3305/nh.2015.31.5.8600 PMID: 25929391
Published
2017-12-25
How to Cite
1.
Dangol R, Koju B, Lanjekar P, Pulipati C. Cardiovascular Risk Factors among First Year Medical Students. J Lumbini Med Coll [Internet]. 25Dec.2017 [cited 5Jun.2023];5(2):64 -68. Available from: https://jlmc.edu.np/index.php/JLMC/article/view/159
Issue
Section
Original Research Article
Copyright (c) 2017 Raj Krishna Dangol, Bibek Koju, Priya Lanjekar, Chandrashekhar Pulipati
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- The Journal of Lumbini Medical College (JLMC) publishes open access articles under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) License which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
- JLMC requires an exclusive licence to publish the article first in its journal in print and online.
- The corresponding author should read and agree to the following statement before submission of the manuscript for publication,
- License agreement
- In submitting an article to Journal of Lumbini Medical College (JLMC) I certify that:
- I am authorized by my co-authors to enter into these arrangements.
- I warrant, on behalf of myself and my co-authors, that:
- the article is original, has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal, is not under consideration by any other journal and does not infringe any existing copyright or any other third party rights;
- I am/we are the sole author(s) of the article and have full authority to enter into this agreement and in granting rights to JLMC are not in breach of any other obligation;
- the article contains nothing that is unlawful, libellous, or which would, if published, constitute a breach of contract or of confidence or of commitment given to secrecy;
- I/we have taken due care to ensure the integrity of the article. To my/our - and currently accepted scientific - knowledge all statements contained in it purporting to be facts are true and any formula or instruction contained in the article will not, if followed accurately, cause any injury, illness or damage to the user.
- I, and all co-authors, agree that the article, if editorially accepted for publication, shall be licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0. If the law requires that the article be published in the public domain, I/we will notify JLMC at the time of submission, and in such cases the article shall be released under the Creative Commons 1.0 Public Domain Dedication waiver. For the avoidance of doubt it is stated that sections 1 and 2 of this license agreement shall apply and prevail regardless of whether the article is published under Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 or the Creative Commons 1.0 Public Domain Dedication waiver.
- I, and all co-authors, agree that, if the article is editorially accepted for publication in JLMC, data included in the article shall be made available under the Creative Commons 1.0 Public Domain Dedication waiver, unless otherwise stated. For the avoidance of doubt it is stated that sections 1, 2, and 3 of this license agreement shall apply and prevail.
Please visit Creative Commons web page for details of the terms.
